Solution - Quadratic equations

Step by step solution :

Step  1  :

Equation at the end of step  1  :

  ((0 -  (2•5x2)) -  31x) -  15  = 0 

Step  2  :

Step  3  :

Pulling out like terms :

 3.1     Pull out like factors :

   -10x² - 31x - 15  =   -1 • (10x² + 31x + 15) 

Trying to factor by splitting the middle term

 3.2     Factoring  10x² + 31x + 15 

The first term is,  10x²  its coefficient is  10 .
The middle term is,  +31x  its coefficient is  31 .
The last term, "the constant", is  +15 

Step-1 : Multiply the coefficient of the first term by the constant   10 • 15 = 150 

Step-2 : Find two factors of  150  whose sum equals the coefficient of the middle term, which is   31 .

Step-3 : Rewrite the polynomial splitting the middle term using the two factors found in step 2 above,  6  and  25 
                     10x² + 6x + 25x + 15

Step-4 : Add up the first 2 terms, pulling out like factors :
                    2x • (5x+3)
              Add up the last 2 terms, pulling out common factors :
                    5 • (5x+3)
Step-5 : Add up the four terms of step 4 :
                    (2x+5)  •  (5x+3)
             Which is the desired factorization

Equation at the end of step  3  :

  (-5x - 3) • (2x + 5)  = 0 

Step  4  :

Theory - Roots of a product :

 4.1    A product of several terms equals zero. 

 When a product of two or more terms equals zero, then at least one of the terms must be zero. 

 We shall now solve each term = 0 separately 

 In other words, we are going to solve as many equations as there are terms in the product 

 Any solution of term = 0 solves product = 0 as well.

Solving a Single Variable Equation :

 4.2      Solve  :    -5x-3 = 0 

 Add  3  to both sides of the equation : 
                      -5x = 3
Multiply both sides of the equation by (-1) :  5x = -3


Divide both sides of the equation by 5:
                     x = -3/5 = -0.600

Solving a Single Variable Equation :

 4.3      Solve  :    2x+5 = 0 

 Subtract  5  from both sides of the equation : 
                      2x = -5
Divide both sides of the equation by 2:
                     x = -5/2 = -2.500

Supplement : Solving Quadratic Equation Directly

Solving    10x2+31x+15  = 0   directly 

Earlier we factored this polynomial by splitting the middle term. let us now solve the equation by Completing The Square and by using the Quadratic Formula

Parabola, Finding the Vertex :

 5.1      Find the Vertex of   y = 10x²+31x+15

Parabolas have a highest or a lowest point called the Vertex .   Our parabola opens up and accordingly has a lowest point (AKA absolute minimum) .   We know this even before plotting  "y"  because the coefficient of the first term, 10 , is positive (greater than zero). 

 Each parabola has a vertical line of symmetry that passes through its vertex. Because of this symmetry, the line of symmetry would, for example, pass through the midpoint of the two  x -intercepts (roots or solutions) of the parabola. That is, if the parabola has indeed two real solutions. 

 Parabolas can model many real life situations, such as the height above ground, of an object thrown upward, after some period of time. The vertex of the parabola can provide us with information, such as the maximum height that object, thrown upwards, can reach. For this reason we want to be able to find the coordinates of the vertex. 

 For any parabola,Ax²+Bx+C,the  x -coordinate of the vertex is given by  -B/(2A) . In our case the  x  coordinate is  -1.5500  

 Plugging into the parabola formula  -1.5500  for  x  we can calculate the  y -coordinate : 
  y = 10.0 * -1.55 * -1.55 + 31.0 * -1.55 + 15.0
or   y = -9.025

Parabola, Graphing Vertex and X-Intercepts :

Root plot for :  y = 10x²+31x+15
Axis of Symmetry (dashed)  {x}={-1.55} 
Vertex at  {x,y} = {-1.55,-9.03} 
 x -Intercepts (Roots) :
Root 1 at  {x,y} = {-2.50, 0.00} 
Root 2 at  {x,y} = {-0.60, 0.00} 

Solve Quadratic Equation by Completing The Square

 5.2     Solving   10x²+31x+15 = 0 by Completing The Square .

 Divide both sides of the equation by  10  to have 1 as the coefficient of the first term :
   x²+(31/10)x+(3/2) = 0

Subtract  3/2  from both side of the equation :
   x²+(31/10)x = -3/2

Now the clever bit: Take the coefficient of  x , which is  31/10 , divide by two, giving  31/20 , and finally square it giving  961/400 

Add  961/400  to both sides of the equation :
  On the right hand side we have :
   -3/2  +  961/400   The common denominator of the two fractions is  400   Adding  (-600/400)+(961/400)  gives  361/400 
  So adding to both sides we finally get :
   x²+(31/10)x+(961/400) = 361/400

Adding  961/400  has completed the left hand side into a perfect square :
   x²+(31/10)x+(961/400)  =
   (x+(31/20)) • (x+(31/20))  =
  (x+(31/20))²
Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another. Since
   x²+(31/10)x+(961/400) = 361/400 and
   x²+(31/10)x+(961/400) = (x+(31/20))²
then, according to the law of transitivity,
   (x+(31/20))² = 361/400

We'll refer to this Equation as  Eq. #5.2.1  

The Square Root Principle says that When two things are equal, their square roots are equal.

Note that the square root of
   (x+(31/20))²   is
   (x+(31/20))^2/2 =
  (x+(31/20))¹ =
   x+(31/20)

Now, applying the Square Root Principle to  Eq. #5.2.1  we get:
   x+(31/20) = √ 361/400

Subtract  31/20  from both sides to obtain:
   x = -31/20 + √ 361/400

Since a square root has two values, one positive and the other negative
   x² + (31/10)x + (3/2) = 0
   has two solutions:
  x = -31/20 + √ 361/400
   or
  x = -31/20 - √ 361/400

Note that  √ 361/400 can be written as
  √ 361  / √ 400   which is 19 / 20

Solve Quadratic Equation using the Quadratic Formula

 5.3     Solving    10x²+31x+15 = 0 by the Quadratic Formula .

 According to the Quadratic Formula,  x  , the solution for   Ax²+Bx+C  = 0  , where  A, B  and  C  are numbers, often called coefficients, is given by :
                                     
            - B  ±  √ B²-4AC
  x =   ————————
                      2A

  In our case,  A   =     10
                      B   =    31
                      C   =   15

Accordingly,  B²  -  4AC   =
                     961 - 600 =
                     361

Applying the quadratic formula :

               -31 ± √ 361
   x  =    ——————
                      20

Can  √ 361 be simplified ?

Yes!   The prime factorization of  361   is
   19•19 
To be able to remove something from under the radical, there have to be  2  instances of it (because we are taking a square i.e. second root).

√ 361   =  √ 19•19   =
                ±  19 • √ 1   =
                ±  19

So now we are looking at:
           x  =  ( -31 ± 19) / 20

Two real solutions:

x =(-31+√361)/20=(-31+19)/20= -0.600

or:

x =(-31-√361)/20=(-31-19)/20= -2.500

Two solutions were found :

1.  x = -5/2 = -2.500
   
2.  x = -3/5 = -0.600